Multilingual Resources
 

EEDA Textbook References

Emerging and Exotic Diseases of Animals Chapter References

Chapter 1 References

Barcos LO. The impact and cost benefit of foot and mouth disease control on global food security. FAO Global Conference on Foot and Mouth Diseases: The way towards global control. Asunción (Paraguay) 24-26 June 2009.  http://www.oie.int/eng/A_FMD2009/presentations-FMD.html . Accessed September, 2009.

Confalonieri U, Menne B, Akhtar R, et al. 2007. Human health. Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Parry ML, Canziani OF, Palutikof JP, et al, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 391-431.

Costello A, Abbas M, Allen A et al. Managing the health effects of climate change. Lancet and University College London Institute for Global Health Commission. The Lancet Commissions. 2009:373:1693-1733.

Food and Agriculture Organization. Forestry Division. Deforestation and net forest area change. http://www.fao.org/forestry/30515/en/. Accessed June 2009.

Food and Agriculture Organization. High Level Expert Forum, Rome, 12-13 October 2009. Global Agriculture towards 2050. http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/wsfs/docs/Issues_papers/HLEF2050_Global_Agriculture.pdf. Accessed October 2009.

Food and Agriculture Organization. Livestock Information, Sector Analysis and Policy Branch. Animal Production and Health Division. Livestock Policy Brief 03. Cattle ranching and deforestation. ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/a0262e/a0262e00.pdf. Accessed September 2009. 

Food and Agriculture Organization. Livestock’s Long Shadow. Environmental issues and options, Rome 2006. http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/a0701e/a0701e00.HTM 

Food and Agriculture Organization. Statistics. http://faostat.fao.org/default.aspx 

Food and Agriculture Organization. The State of Food and Agriculture 2005. Trends and patterns in international agriculture trade. http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/a0050e/a0050e02.htm. Accessed September 2008.

Food and Agriculture Organization. The State of Food Insecurity in the World, 2008 Report. http://www.fao.org/docrep/011/i0291e/i0291e00.htm. Accessed June 2009.

Food and Agriculture Organization. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture, 2008. http://www.fao.org/docrep/011/i0250e/i0250e00.HTM. Accessed September 2009.

Lamy P. World Trade Organization. Food and Agricultural Trade Policy: the World Needs a Shared Vision. Food and Environmental Security; the Role of Food and Agricultural Trade Policy. International Food and Agricultural Trade Policy Council. Salzburg, Austria, May 10-11, 2009.

Jay M, Marmot MG. Health and climate change. The Lancet. 2009:274:961-962.

King LJ, Anderson LR, Blackmore CG et al. Executive summary of the AVMA One Health Initiative Task Force Report. JAVMA 2008:233:2:259-261.

Nord M, Andrews M, Carlson S. United States Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service. Economic Research Report Number 83. Food Assistance & Nutrition Research Program. Measuring Food Security in the United States. Household Food Security in the United States, 2008. 

OIE Bulletin, No 2009-2. Forum One World, One Health. Summary of the FAO/OIE/WHO document, pages 3-4. http://www.oie.int/eng/publicat/BULLETIN%20PDF/Bull%202009-2-ENG.pdf. Accessed September 2009.

OIE/FAO Global Conference on Foot and Mouth Diseases: The way towards global control. Press Release www.oie.int/eng/press/en_090636.htm.  Accessed June 29, 2009.

OIE/FAO Global Conference on Foot and Mouth Diseases: The way towards global control. Final Recommendations. www.oie.int/eng/press/en_090706.htm. Accessed July 10, 2009.

Pimentel D, Cooperstein S, Randell H, Filiberto D, Sorrentino S, Kaye B, Nicklin C, Yagi J, Brian J, O’Hern J, Habas A, Weinstein C. Ecology of Increasing Diseases: Population Growth and Environmental Degradation. Human Ecol 2007:35:653-668.

Sherman, DM. Tending Animals in the Global Village. A Guide to International Veterinary Medicine. Chapter 1, The Global Society and Veterinary Medicine.  Lippincott Williams & Wilkens, Philadelphia. 2002.

Smith KF, Behrens M., Schloegel LM, Marano N, Burgiel S, Daszak P. Reducing the Risks of Wildlife Trade. Science 2009:324:594-595.

Torres A. International economic considerations concerning agricultural diseases and human health costs of zoonotic diseases. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1999:894:80-2.

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division. http://www.un.org/esa/population/ 

United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. 2007 US Animal Health Report.  Agriculture Information Bulletin No 803. Issued September 2008.

United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. Many goals one mission. Program Aid No 2022. Issued June 2009.

Vallat B. One World, One Health. Editorials from the Director General. May 6, 2009.  www.oie.int/eng/edito/en_lastedito.htm . Accessed June 2009.

Chapter 2 References

Buisch W, Hyde J, Mebus C, editors. Foreign Animal Diseases, 7th ed. Richmond, Virginia: U.S. Animal Health Association; 1998.

Personal communication, Dr. Ed Arza, Area-Veterinarian-in-Charge, APHIS-USDA, Conyers, Georgia

Personal communication, Dr. Lee Myers, State Veterinarian, Georgia. Department of Agriculture, Atlanta, Georgia

Foot and Mouth Disease:

U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). Foot and mouth disease questions and answers. Available at: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/pubs/fsheet_faq_notice/faq_ahfmd.html [old URL: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/oa/pubs/qafmd301.html.*] Accessed 2003.

World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)/ Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). FAO World Reference Laboratory’s foot and mouth disease home page. Available at: http://www.iah.bbsrc.ac.uk/virus/Picornaviridae/Aphthovirus/fmd.htm. Accessed 2003.

World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). Foot and mouth disease. In: Manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals. Paris: OIE; 2000.Available at: http://www.oie.int/eng/maladies/fiches/A_A010.htm. Accessed 2003.

West Nile Virus:

Blitvich BJ. Transmission dynamics and changing epidemiology of West Nile virus. Anim Health Res Rev. 2008;9:71-86. 

Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Centre.  West Nile Virus.  http://wildlife1.usask.ca/wildlife_health_topics/arbovirus/arbown.php.  Accessed Feb 28 2008.

Davis LE, DeBiasi R, Goade DE, Haaland KY, Harrington JA, Harnar JB, Pergam SA, King MK, DeMasters BK, Tyler KL. West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease. Ann Neurol. 2006;60:286-300.

Gubler DJ. The continuing spread of West Nile virus in the western hemisphere. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:1039-46. 

National Atlas of the United States, Distribution maps of West Nile virus detection in humans, mosquito, wild birds, and other animals. Available at: http://nationalatlas.gov/virususa.html.* Accessed 2003. [Current West Nile virus surveillance is conducted by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and is available at http://westnilemaps.usgs.gov/index.html]

Sander DM. All the virology on the WWW (links to West Nile virus and other viruses). Flaviviridae – Flaviviruses. Available at: 
http://www.Tulane.EDU:80/~dmsander/garryfavweb12.html#Flavi. Accessed 2003.

U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. West Nile virus. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/index.htm. Accessed 2003.
Public Health Agency of Canada.  West Nile virus. http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/wn-no/index_e.html.  Accessed Feb 28 2008.

Cerebral Elaphostrongylosis:

Canadian Co-operative Wildlife Health Centre. Available at: http://wildlife1.usask.ca/ccwhc2003/. Accessed 2003.

The Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. Newfoundland and Labrador Agriculture Department. Available at: http://www.gov.nf.ca/agric/her&rab/BrainInfest.htm.* Accessed 2003.

African Swine Fever:

Ayoade GO; Adeyemi IG. African swine fever: an overview. Revue Élev Méd vét Pays Trop. 2003;56:129-134.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations  [FAO]. Recognizing African swine fever. A field manual [online]. FAO Animal Health Manual No. 9. Rome: FAO; 2000. Available at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/X8060E/X8060E00.HTM. Accessed 4 Dec 2006.

U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Center for Emerging Issues. Available at: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/ceah/cei/. Accessed 2003.

World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). African swine fever. In: Manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals. Paris: OIE; 2000. Available at: http://www.oie.int/eng/maladies/fiches/A_A120.HTM. Accessed 2003.
Chapter 2—Transmission & the Introduction of FADs

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy:

Canadian Food inspection Agency.  Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE). http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/heasan/disemala/bseesb/bseesbfse.shtml. Accessed 2008.

Doherr MG. Brief review on the epidemiology of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE). Vaccine. 2007;25:5619-5624.

Smith PG, Bradley R. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and its epidemiology. Br Med Bull. 2003;66:185-198.

The National Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Surveillance Unit [CJD Unit], United Kingdom. CJD statistics [online]. CJD Unit, U.K.; 2007 Aug. Available at: http://www.cjd.ed.ac.uk/figures.htm. Accessed 16 Aug 2007. 

U.K. Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs [DEFRA] TSE- Statistics. DEFRA; 2007 Sept. Available at: http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/bse/statistics/incidence.html. Accessed 24 Sept 2004.

USDA Center for Emerging Issues. Available at: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/ceah/cei/notices.htm.* Accessed 2003.
*defunct link as of 2005

U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). Bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Available at: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/issues/bse/bse.html. Accessed 2003.

Chapter 3 References

Baysinger AK. Private practitioners’ role in outbreaks [online]. In: American Veterinary Medical Association Annual Meeting; 2000 July 22-26; Salt Lake City, UT. Available at: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/ep/avma/avma-sym.html. Accessed 2 Oct 2005.

Brown C. (Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Georgia). Threat of accidental foreign animal disease introduction [online]. In: American Veterinary Medical Association Annual Meeting; 2000 July 22-26; Salt Lake City, UT. Available at: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/ep/avma/avma-sym.html. Accessed 2 Oct 2005.

Evans, B.R., Doering, R.L., Clarke, R.C., Ranger, C.  The organization of federal Veterinary Services in Canada: the Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Rev. sci. tech. Off. Int. Epiz. ; 22(2).

Hagstrom DJ. National animal identification system and premises identification applies to horse owners. University of Illinois; 2005. Available at: http://www.livestocktrail.uiuc.edu/uploads/horsenet/papers/natl_animal_ID.pdf. Accessed 31 Aug 2009.

Hamlen H. (Animal Health Branch, Animal Health and Food Safety Services, California Department of Food and Agriculture). Emergency animal disease response – The team approach [online]. In: American Veterinary Medical Association Annual Meeting; 2000 July 22-26; Salt Lake City, UT. Available at: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/ep/avma/avma-sym.html. Accessed 2 Oct 2005.

Lautner EA (National Pork Producers Council). Role of industry in outbreaks [online]. In: American Veterinary Medical Association Annual Meeting; 2000 July 22-26; Salt Lake City, UT. Available at: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/ep/avma/avma-sym.html. Accessed 2 Oct 2005.

Mintah, H, Inch C.  Canadian legal and policy measures that could be used in response to respond to a foot and mouth disease in the United States.  Case W. Res. J. Int’l L. 2006-2007;38 (3&4):589-603.

Personal communication, Aida Boghossian, DVM, MVPH, APHIS Emergency Management, Riverdale, Maryland

The Canadian Veterinary Reserve.  Emergency Management for Foreign Animal Diseases, March 26-30, 2007.

Web Resources

Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Centre.  Available at: http://wildlife1.usask.ca/en/CCWHC_home.php.  Accessed on March 26, 2009.

Canadian Food Inspection Agency – Animal Health Functional Plan. http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/heasan/man/ahfppfsa/ahfppfsae.shtml.  Accessed on March 26, 2009.

Canadian Food Inspection Agency – Compensation Levels for Animals.  http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/heasan/disemala/comp/compense.shtml. Accessed on March 26, 2009. 

Canadian Food Inspection Agency – Criteria for High Security Quarantine Facilities.  Available at: www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/heasan/pol/quarhhe.shtml.   Accessed on March 9, 2009.

Canadian Food Inspection Agency – Criteria for Medium Security Quarantine Facilities.  Available at: www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/heasan/pol/quarmme.shtml.  Accessed on March 9, 2009.

Canadian Food Inspection Agency – Criteria for Minimum Security Quarantine Facilities.  Available at: www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/heasan/pol/quarmine.shtml.  Accessed on March 9, 2009. 

Canadian Food Inspection Agency – Foot-and-Mouth Disease Hazard Specific Plan.  http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/heasan/man/fmdfie/fmdfiee.shtml.  Accessed on March 26, 2009.

Canadian Food Inspection Agency – National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease (NCFAD).  Available at: http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/sci/lab/fadmaee.shtml. Accessed on March 26, 2009.

Canadian Food Inspection Agency – Reportable Diseases, Immediately Notifiable and Annually Notifiable Diseases.  http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/heasan/disemala/guidee.shtml.  Accessed on March 26, 2009.

Canadian Food Inspection Agency – Role of the Private Veterinarian in the Diagnosis of Foreign Animal Diseases.  Available at:  http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/heasan/fad/privete.shtml. . Accessed on March 26, 2009.

Canadian Food Inspection Agency – The Canadian Animal Health Surveillance Network (CAHSN).  Available at: http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/surv/cahsnrcsze.shtml. Accessed on March 26, 2009.

Canadian Food Inspection Agency – The Canadian Cattle Identification Program.  http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/trac/catbetide.shtml.  Accessed on March 26, 2009.

Canadian Food Inspection Agency – The Canadian Sheep Identification Program.  http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/trac/shemouide.shtml.  Accessed on March 26, 2009.
Department of Justice Canada –Health of Animals Act 1990, C 21.  http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/showdoc/cs/H-3.3///en?page=1.  Accessed on March 26, 2009.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service [USDA APHIS]. Animals and animal product import. Live animals. USDA APHIS; 2009 Aug. Available at: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/import_export/animals/live_animals.shtml. Accessed 31 Aug 2009.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service [USDA APHIS]. Animals and animal product import. Pets and animals. USDA APHIS; 2009 March. Available at: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/import_export/animals/animal_import/animal_imports_pets.shtml. Accessed 31 Aug 2009.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service [USDA APHIS]. Combining surveillance, detection and response. Available at: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/pubs/brotradc.pdf. Accessed 15 Nov 2005.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service [USDA APHIS]. National Veterinary Services Laboratories. Available at: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/nvsl/index.htm. Accessed 15 Nov 2005.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services [USDA APHIS, VS]. APHIS-VS-emergency programs [online]. USDA APHIS, VS; 2003. Available at: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/ep/. Accessed 5 Dec 2003.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services [USDA APHIS, VS]. Emergency management response system [online]. USDA APHIS, VS; 2003. Available at: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/ep/emrs.html. Accessed 5 Dec 2003.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services [USDA APHIS, VS]. EMRS manual for routine FAD/EDI investigations. Available at:http://www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/ep/EMRS_for_Routine_FAD_Investigations.htm#_Toc55001051. Accessed 15 Oct 2005.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services [USDA APHIS, VS]. How APHIS facilitates agricultural imports [online]. USDA APHIS, 2004 Jan. Available at: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/pubs/fsheet_faq_notice/fs_aphisimport.html (old URL: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/oa/pubs/import.html.*) Accessed 2003 & 20 Nov 2005.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services [USDA APHIS, VS]. Identification of sheep and goats for scrapie eradication [online]. USDA APHIS, VS; 2001 Aug. Available at: http://www.ncagr.com/vet/IDSheepGoatsForScrapie.htm (old URL: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/oa/pubs/scraera.html.*) Accessed 5 Oct 2005.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services [USDA APHIS, VS]. National Animal Health Emergency Management System guidelines. Administrative procedures guidelines: Leader’s guide for conducting animal emergency response using the Incident Command System. In: National Animal Health Emergency Management System. Procedural guidelines. ver 1.1. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture; August 30, 2004. 1 CD.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services [USDA APHIS, VS]. Safeguarding animal health. FY2002 annual highlights report. USDA APHIS, VS; 2002. Section 3-4, National Animal Health Reporting System provides data for confirmed diseases. Available at: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/highlights/. Accessed 5 Oct 2005.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services [USDA APHIS, VS]. Procedures for investigating a suspected foreign animal disease/emerging disease incident (FAD/EDI). Veterinary Services memorandum 580.4 March 30, 2004. In: National Animal Health Emergency Management System. Procedural guidelines. ver 1.1. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture; August 30, 2004. 1 CD.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services [USDA APHIS, VS]. Safeguarding animal health. FY2002 annual highlights report. USDA APHIS, VS; 2002. Section 3-10, Animal identification. Available at: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/highlights/. Accessed 5 Oct 2005.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services [USDA APHIS, VS]. Safeguarding animal health. FY2002 annual highlights report [monograph online]. USDA APHIS, VS; 2002. Section 3-13, Foreign animal disease investigations. Available at: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/highlights/. Accessed 5 Oct 2005.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services [USDA APHIS, VS]. Safeguarding animal health. FY2002 annual highlights report [monograph online]. USDA APHIS, VS; 2002. Section 4, Exclusion. Available at: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/highlights/. Accessed 5 Oct 2005.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services [USDA APHIS, VS]. Safeguarding animal health. FY2002 annual highlights report [monograph online]. USDA APHIS, VS; 2002. Section 5-3, NVSL: International laboratory diagnostic support. Available at: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/highlights/. Accessed 5 Oct 2005.43 

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services [USDA APHIS, VS]. Safeguarding animal health. FY2002 Annual highlights report [monograph online]. USDA APHIS, VS; 2002. Section 6-6, The national animal health laboratory network. Available at: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/highlights/. Accessed 5 Oct 2005.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services [USDA APHIS, VS]. Safeguarding animal health. FY2002 Annual highlights report [monograph online]. USDA APHIS, VS; 2002. Section 6-7, Incident Command System: An interagency approach to emergency response. Available at: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/highlights/. Accessed 5 Oct 2005.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services [USDA APHIS, VS]. The significance of surveillance to safeguarding American animal health [online]. USDA APHIS, VS; 2003 July. Available at: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/pubs/fsheet_faq_notice/fs_ahsurveillance.html. Accessed 20 Sept 2005.

U.S. Department of Health & Human Services [USDHHS]. Agency roles. Available at: http://www.importsafety.gov/members/agencies/roles.html. Accessed 28 Aug 2009.

U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Fact sheet: National Incident Management System (NIMS). Available at: http://www.dhs.gov/dhspublic/interapp/press_release/press_release_0363.xml. Accessed 27 Nov 2005.

World Organization for Animal Health [OIE]. OIE classification of diseases [online]. OIE; 2003 Dec. Available at: http://www.oie.int/eng/maladies/en_classification.htm. Accessed 20 Nov 2003.

Chapter 4 References

American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. http://www.aspca.org/. Accessed September 2009.

American Veterinary Medical Association. Veterinary Medical Assistance Teams. http://www.avma.org/vmat/default.asp. Accessed September 2009.

Canadian Veterinary Reserve. http://canadianveterinarians.net/veterinary-reserve.aspx.  Accessed on March 26, 2009.

Drake, John.  President’s Message.  The Canadian Veterinary Reserve: The CVMA’s Animal Emergency Response Team.  Can Vet J. 2008 May; 49(5): 433–436.

Federal Emergency Management System (FEMA). National Incident Management System. NIMS and the Incident Command System. http://training.fema.gov/IS/crslist.asp.
Accessed 27 Sept 2009.

Humane Society of the United States, Emergency Services. http://www.humanesociety.org/about/departments/emergency_services.html, Accessed September 2009.

Personal communication, Thomas Cunningham, APHIS Emergency Management, Riverdale, MD.

Personal communication, Dr. Pam Hullinger, Veterinary Medical Officer and University Liaison with the California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA).[This personal account was previously published as: Hullinger P. U.S. veterinarian reflects on foot & mouth disease outbreak experience in U.K. US Animal Health Association Newsletter. Special Edition: The Nation’s Plum Island Laboratories. October 2003, page 2.]

Personal communication, Pamela Kramer. Student, Iowa State University, Ames, IA. 

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. Emergency Preparedness and Response http://www.aphis.usda.gov/emergency_response/. Accessed September 2009.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. Emergency Preparedness and Response, Animal Health Response. http://www.aphis.usda.gov/emergency_response/animals.shtml, Accessed September 2009.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA APHIS). Animal Health, Emergency Response. National Animal Health Emergency Response Corps http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/emergency_management/naherc.shtml. Accessed September 2009.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, National Disaster Medical System (NDMS), NDMS Teams, National Veterinary Response Team http://www.hhs.gov/aspr/opeo/ndms/teams/vmat.html, Accessed September 2009.

U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Emergencies and disasters, planning and prevention. National Response Plan. Available at: http://www.dhs.gov/dhspublic/interapp/editorial/editorial_0566.xml. Accessed November 2005.

U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Fact sheet: National Incident Management System (NIMS). Available at: http://www.dhs.gov/dhspublic/interapp/press_release/press_release_0363.xml. Accessed 27 Nov 2005.

U.S. Department of Homeland Security. National Incident Management System (NIMS) Online. Available at: http://www.nimsonline.com/. Accessed November 2005.

Chapter 5 References

Foot and Mouth Disease in the United Kingdom

Bartley LM, Donnelly CA, Anderson RM. Review of foot-and-mouth disease virus survival in animal excretions and on fomites. Vet Rec. 2002;151:667-9.

Bhattacharya S, Banerjee R, Ghosh R, Biswas A, Chatterjee A. Identification of foot-and-mouth disease from a captive kangaroo in a zoological garden in India. Vet Rec. 2003;153:504-5.

Canadian Food Inspection Agency.  Canada remains on guard against foot and mouth disease.  http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/corpaffr/newcom/2007/20070808e.shtml.  Accessed 27 Feb 2008.

Canadian Food Inspection Agency.  Foot-and-mouth disease hazard specific plan ( 2006).  http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/heasan/disemala/fmdfie/plan/plan-indexe.shtml.   Accessed 27 Feb 2008. 

Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), U.K. Foot and mouth disease. Available at: http://www.defra.gov.uk/footandmouth/. Accessed 2003.

Grubman MJ, Baxt B. Foot-and-mouth disease. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2004;17:465-93.
International Society for Infectious Diseases. Promed-Mail. Available at: http://www.promedmail.org. Accessed 2003.

Mort M, Convery I, Baxter J, Bailey C. Psychosocial effects of the 2001 UK foot and mouth disease epidemic in a rural population: qualitative diary based study. BMJ. 2005 Nov 26;331(7527):1234. 

Musser JM. A practitioner’s primer on foot-and-mouth disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2004;224:1261-8.

PigHealth.com. Available at: http://www.pighealth.com. Accessed 2003.

Foot and Mouth Disease in Uruguay

Barteling SJ. Development and performance of inactivated vaccines against foot and mouth disease. Rev Sci Tech. 2002; 21(3):577-588.

Casas Olascoaga R. (Direct Advisor of the Minister of Livestock, Agriculture and Fish. Uruguay). Foot-and-mouth disease in 2000-2001 period. In: International Conference on Control and Prevention of Foot-and-mouth disease; 2-13 Dec 2001; Brussels. Available at: http://bvs.panaftosa.org.br/textoc/FMD%20Uruguay%20(Casas).doc. Accessed 15 Sept 2005.

Correa Melo E, Saraiva V, Astudillo V. Review of the status of foot and mouth disease in countries of South America and approaches to control and eradication. Rev Sci Tech. 2002; 21(3):429-436.

Sutmoller P, Barteling S, Casas Olascoaga R, Sumption KJ. Control and eradication of foot-and-mouth disease. Virus Res. 2003; 91: 101-144.

Sutmoller P,* Casas Olascoaga R. The successful control and eradication of foot and mouth disease epidemics in South America in 2001. Evidence for the Temporary Committee on Foot-and-Mouth Disease of the European Parliament; September 2, 2002. Presented by Paul Sutmoller. Available at: http://www.humanitarian.net/biodefense/papers/sutmoeller_en.pdf. Accessed 2003.

Thompson D, Muriel P, Russell D, Osborne P, Bromley A, Rowland M, Creigh-Tyte S, Brown C. Economic costs of the foot and mouth disease outbreak in the UK in 2001. Rev Sci Tech. 2002; 21(3):675.

Thomson G. Foot and mouth disease: Facing the new dilemmas. Rev Sci Tech. 2002;21(3): 425-8.

United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). Report on the foot and mouth disease situation in Uruguay. 20th September 2002. Available at: https://web01.aphis.usda.gov/db/mtaddr.nsf/0/34e2047f2c384e8385256c4c0059a38d/$FILE/InformeF_.doc. Accessed 23 Sept 2005.

Classical Swine Fever in the United Kingdom

Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), United Kingdom. Disease factsheet: Classical swine fever. Available at: http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/diseases/notifiable/disease/classicalsf.htm. Accessed 2003.

PigHealth.com. Classical swine fever. Available at: http://www.pighealth.com/csf.htm. Accessed 2003.

ThePigSite.com. Available at: http://www.thepigsite.com. Accessed 2003.

World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). OIE disease information, 20 August 2004, Vol. 17 – No. 34. Available at: http://www.oie.int/eng/info/hebdo/AIS_31.HTM. Accessed 2003.

New World Screwworm in the United States

Emergency reports submitted to the OIE by the USDA in 2000. Accessed 2003.

Personal communication, Dr. James Mertins, USDA, APHIS, NVSL, Ames, Iowa 50010
Thomas TM. (US Army Veterinary Corps). Screwworm containment in Panama during final military withdrawal. Available at: http://www.aphis.usda.gov:80/vs/training/ss_2000/pdf/pan-can-shutdown.pdf. Accessed 2003.

United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). Factsheet: Screwworm. Available at: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/pubs/fsheet_faq_notice/fs_ahscrewworm.html. Accessed 2003. 

World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). Available at: http://www.oie.int. Accessed 2003. 

West Nile Virus in the Americas

Beasley DW. Recent advances in the molecular biology of West Nile virus. Curr Mol Med. 2005;5:835-50.

Batieha A, Saliba EK, Graham R, Mohareb E, Hijazi Y, Wijeyaratne P. Seroprevalence of West Nile, Rift Valley, and sandfly arboviruses in Hashimiah, Jordan. Emerg Infect Dis. 2000 Jul-Aug;6(4):358-62.

Blitvich BJ. Transmission dynamics and changing epidemi-ology of West Nile virus. Anim Health Res Rev. 2008;9:71-86. 

Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Centre.  West Nile Virus.  http://wildlife1.usask.ca/wildlife_health_topics/arbovirus/arbown.php.  Accessed Feb 28 2008.

Canadian Food Inspection Agency. West Nile virus. Available at: http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/heasan/disemala/wnvvno/wnvfse.shtml. Accessed 12 Sept 2005.

Cannon AB, Luff JA, Brault AC, MacLachlan NJ, Case JB, Green EN, Sykes JE. Acute encephalitis, polyarthritis, and myocarditis associated with West Nile virus infec-tion in a dog. J Vet Intern Med. 2006;20:1219-23.

Castillo-Olivares J, Wood J. West Nile virus infection of horses. Vet Res. 2004;35:467-83.

Clark L, Hall J, McLean R, Dunbar M, Klenk K, Bowen R, Smeraski CA. Susceptibility of greater sage-grouse to experimental infection with West Nile virus. J Wildl Dis. 2006;42:14-22.

Cornell University. Environmental risk analysis program. West Nile virus. Available at: http://www.cfe.cornell.edu/erap/wnv/. Accessed 2003.

Davis LE, DeBiasi R, Goade DE, Haaland KY, Harrington JA, Harnar JB, Pergam SA, King MK, DeMasters BK, Tyler KL. West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease. Ann Neurol. 2006;60:286-300.

Dawson JR, Stone WB, Ebel GD, Young DS, Galinski DS, Pensabene JP, Franke MA, Eidson M, Kramer LD. Crow deaths caused by West Nile virus during winter. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13:1912-4.

Del Piero F, Stremme DW, Habecker PL, Cantile C.West Nile flavivirus polioencephalomyelitis in a harbor seal (Phoca vitulina). Vet Pathol. 2006;43:58-61.

Gubler DJ. The continuing spread of West Nile virus in the western hemisphere. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:1039-46. 

Heinz-Taheny KM, Andrews JJ, Kinsel MJ, Pessier AP, Pinkerton ME, Lemberger KY, Novak RJ, Dizikes GJ, Edwards E, Komar N. West Nile virus infection in free-ranging squirrels in Illinois. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2004;16:186-90.

International Society for Infectious Diseases. NVSL first to… ProMED Mail, Tue, 28 Sep 1999 11:30:16 -0500, from Beverly J. Schmitt of the USDA APHIS National Veterinary Services Laboratories. Archive Number 19990928.1739. Available at: http://www.promedmail.org. Accessed 2003.

Jacobson ER, Ginn PE, Troutman JM, Farina L, Stark L, Klenk K, Burkhalter KL, Komar N. West Nile virus in-fection in farmed American alligators (Alligator missis-sippiensis) in Florida. J Wildl Dis. 2005;41:96-106.

Kecskeméti S, Bajmócy E, Bacsadi A, Kiss I, Bakonyi T. Encephalitis due to West Nile virus in a sheep. Vet Rec. 2007;161:568-9.

Kramer LD, Li J, Shi PY. West Nile virus. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6:171-81.

Kramer LD, Styer LM, Ebel GD. A global perspective on the epidemiology of West Nile virus. Annu Rev Entomol. 2008;53:61-81.

Kutzler MA, Bildfell RJ, Gardner-Graff KK, Baker RJ, De-lay JP, Mattson DE. West Nile virus infection in two al-pacas. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2004;225:921-4, 880.

LaDeau SL, Kilpatrick AM, Marra PP. West Nile virus emergence and large-scale declines of North American bird populations. Nature. 2007;447:710-3. 

Lanthier I, Hébert M, Tremblay D, Harel J, Dallaire AD, Girard C. Natural West Nile virus infection in a captive juvenile Arctic wolf (Canis lupus). J Vet Diagn Invest. 2004;16:326-9.

Lvov DK, Butenko AM, Gromashevsky VL, et al.. Isolation of two strains of West Nile virus during an outbreak in southern Russia, 1999. Emerg Infect Dis. 2000 Jul-Aug;6(4):373-6.

Miller DL, Radi ZA, Baldwin C, Ingram D. Fatal West Nile virus infection in a white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). J Wildl Dis. 2005;41:246-9.

Ostlund EN, Andresen JE, Andresen M. West Nile encephalitis. Vet Clin N Am Equine Pract. 2000;16:427-41.

Platt KB, Tucker BJ, Halbur PG, Blitvich BJ, Fabiosa FG, Mullin K, Parikh GR, Kitikoon P, Bartholomay LC, Rowley WA. Fox squirrels (Sciurus niger) develop West Nile virus viremias sufficient for infecting select mos-quito species. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2008;8:225-33.

Pollock CG. West Nile virus in the Americas. J Avian Med Surg. 2008;22:151-7.

Public Health Agency of Canada.  West Nile virus. http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/wn-no/index_e.html.  Accessed Feb 28 2008.

Rappole JH, Derrickson SR, Hubalek Z. Migratory birds and spread of West Nile virus in the Western Hemisphere. Emerg Infect Dis. 2000 Jul-Aug;6(4):319-28.

Read RW, Rodriguez DB, Summers BA West Nile virus encephalitis in a dog. Vet Pathol. 2005;42:219-22.

Root JJ, Oesterle PT, Nemeth NM, Klenk K, Gould DH, McLean RG, Clark L, Hall JS. Experimental infection of fox squirrels (Sciurus niger) with West Nile virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2006;75:697-701.

Shieh WJ, Guarner J, Layton M, Fine A, Miller J, Nash D, Campbell GL, Roehrig JT, Gubler DJ, Zaki SR. The role of pathology in an investigation of an outbreak of West Nile encephalitis in New York, 1999. Emerg Infect Dis. 2000 Jul-Aug;6(4):370-2.

Steinhauer J. African virus may be culprit in mosquito-borne illnesses in New York region. New York Times; Sunday, 26 September 1999Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/library/national/regional/092599ny-encephalitis.html. Accessed 2003. 

Steinman A, Banet-Noach C, Simanov L, Grinfeld N, Ai-zenberg Z, Levi O, Lahav D, Malkinson M, Perk S, Shpigel NY. Experimental infection of common garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) with West Nile virus. Vec-tor Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2006;6:361-8.

Tyler JW, Turnquist SE, David AT, Kleiboeker SB, Middle-ton JR. West Nile virus encephalomyelitis in a sheep. J Vet Intern Med. 2003;17:242-4.

Trevejo RT, Eidson M. Zoonosis update: West Nile virus. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2008;232:1302-9.

U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2003 West Nile virus activity in the United States. April 15 2003. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/surv&controlCaseCount03_detailed.htm. Accessed 2003.

U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2004 West Nile virus activity in the United States. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/surv&controlCaseCount04_detailed.htm. Accessed 13 Sept 2005.

U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2005 West Nile virus activity in the United States. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/surv&controlCaseCount05_detailed.htm. Accessed 13 Sept 2005.

United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). Update on the current status of West Nile virus. Equine cases of West Nile virus illness in 2002: 1 January through 31 December. Available at: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/issues/wnv/wnvstats.html.* Accessed 2003.

USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). West Nile virus. Available at: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/issues/issues_archive/wnv/wnv.html. Accessed 2003. 

US General Accounting Office. West Nile virus outbreak, lessons for public health preparedness. Report to Congressional requesters. Washington: September 2000. . Report nr HEHS-00-180. Available at: http://www.gao.gov/new.items/he00180.pdf. Accessed 2003.

United States Geological Survey (USGS). USGS West Nile virus maps – 2002-2005. Available at: http://westnilemaps.usgs.gov/index.html. Accessed 13 Sept 2005.

Van der Meulen KM, Pensaert MB, Nauwynck HJ.West Nile virus in the vertebrate world. Arch Virol. 2005;150:637-57. 

Yaeger M, Yoon KJ, Schwartz K, Berkland L. West Nile virus meningoencephalitis in a Suri alpaca and Suffolk ewe. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2004;16:64-6.

Walker BL, Naugle DE, Doherty KE, Cornish TE. West Nile virus and greater sage-grouse: estimating infection rate in a wild bird population. Avian Dis. 2007;51:691-6.

West Nile virus activity—United States, 2001. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. June 14, 2002 / 51(23);497-501. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5123a1.htm. Accessed 2003.

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in the United Kingdom and Other Countries

Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Animal Health and Production Division. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in North America. Available at: http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/heasan/disemala/bseesb/bseesbindexe.shtml. Accessed 21 Sept 2005.

Canadian Food Inspection Agency.  BSE Case Confirmed in Alberta.  http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/heasan/disemala/bseesb/ab2008/14notavie.shtml.  Accessed Jan 26 2009.

Canadian Food Inspection Agency.  BSE case confirmed in Alberta. http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/heasan/disemala/bseesb/situatione.shtml. Accessed 27 Feb 2008.

Canadian Food Inspection Agency.  BSE Case Confirmed in British Columbia.  http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/heasan/disemala/bseesb/bccb2008/15notavie.shtml.  Accessed Jan 26 2009.

Canadian Food Inspection Agency.  Completed investigations. 
http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/heasan/disemala/bseesb/comenqe.shtml.  Accessed 26 Jan 2009.

Canadian Food Inspection Agency.  BSE – Disease information and safeguards. http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/heasan/disemala/bseesb/disinfoe.shtml.  Accessed 27 Feb 2008.

Canadian Food Inspection Agency.  Exports and BSE.  http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/heasan/disemala/bseesb/exporte.shtml.  Accessed 27 Feb 2008.

Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Report of the Investigation of the Thirteenth Case of BSE in Canada.  http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/heasan/disemala/bseesb/bccb2008/13investe.shtml.  Accessed 26 Jan 2009.

Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Technical overview of BSE in Canada – March 2007.  http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/heasan/disemala/bseesb/200503canadae.shtml 
Accessed 27 Feb 2008.

Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), United Kingdom. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Available at: http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/bse/. Accessed 2003. 

Department of Health, United Kingdom. Monthly Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease statistics. April 7, 2003. Available at: http://www.doh.gov.U.K./cjd/stats/apr03.htm *. Accessed 2003.

Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Report on Food & Drug Administration, Dallas District, investigation of bovine spongiform encephalopathy event in Texas 2005. Aug 30, 2005. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/cvm/texasfeedrpt.htm. Accessed 21 Sept 2005.

Evans B, Munroe F.  The role of the veterinary community in the bovine spongiform encephalopathy recovery phase in Canada.  Canadian Vet J. 2004;45:211-217.

Lord Phillips, chair. The BSE inquiry: The report. A report to the Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, the Secretary of State for Health and the Secretaries of State for Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office; 2000. Report no HC 887-1. Crown copyright. Available at: http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/report/. Accessed 2003.[Information from the sections titled “The first cases of BSE,” “Precautions Taken,” and “The First Human Cases” is from this report]

Promedmail. BSE, bovine – USA (AL): conf.. Mar 13, 2006. Archive Number 20060313.0788. Available at http://www.promedmail.org. Accessed 21 Jul 2009.

Promedmail. BSE, bovine – USA (AL)(02). May 2, 2006. Archive Number 20060503.1280. Available at http://www.promedmail.org. Accessed 21 Jul 2009.

Promedmail. BSE, bovine – USA: atypical strain (02). Jun 7, 2006. Archive Number 20060607.1588. Available at http://www.promedmail.org. Accessed 21 Jul 2009.

Promedmail. Feline spongiform encephalopathy, cat – Switzerland. Aug 24, 2003. Archive Number 20030824.2132. Available at http://www.promedmail.org. Accessed 19 Sept 2007.

Promedmail. Feline spongiform encephalopathy, cheetah – Germany. Sept 13, 2007. Archive Number 20070913.3038. Available at http://www.promedmail.org. Accessed 19 Sept 2007.

Sigurdson CJ, Miller MW. Other animal prion diseases. Br Med Bull. 2003;66:199-212.
Smith PG, Bradley R. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and its epidemiology. Br Med Bull. 2003;66:185-198.

The National Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Surveillance Unit, United Kingdom. CJD statistics. Available at: http://www.cjd.ed.ac.uk/figures.htm. Accessed 20 Jul 2009.

The National Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Surveillance Unit, United Kingdom. Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Current Data (May 2009) Available at: http://www.cjd.ed.ac.uk/vcjdworld.htm. Accessed 20 Jul 2009.

U.K. Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs [DEFRA] TSE- Statistics. DEFRA; 2007 Sept. Available at: http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/bse/statistics/incidence.html.* Accessed 24 Sept 2004.

US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). BSD and CJD information and resources. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/cjd/cjd.htm. Accessed 2003.

US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). New variant CJD fact sheet. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/cjd/cjd_fact_sheet.htm. Accessed 2003. [Current vCJD information is now available at http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/vcjd/]

US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Update 2002: Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/cjd/bse_cjd.htm.* Accessed 2003.

U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Questions and answers regarding bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD). June 29, 2005. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/vcjd/qa.htm. Accessed 19 Sept 2005.

United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)Bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Available at: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/issues/bse/bse.html. Accessed 2003.

USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) surveillance, March 2003. Available at: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/issues/bse/bse-surveillance.html. Accessed 2003.

USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). BSE testing page. Frequently asked questions. Available at: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/issues/bse_testing/faq.html. Accessed 21 Sept. 2005.

USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). BSE trade ban status as of 08/04/05. Available at: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/issues/bse/trade/bse_trade_ban_status.html. Accessed 20 Sept 2005.

USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). Press release: Investigation results of Texas cow that tested positive for bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) Aug. 30, 2005. Release no. 0336.05. Available at: http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/!ut/p/_s.7_0_A/7_0_1OB/.cmd/ad/.ar/sa.retrievecontent/.c/6_2_1UH/.ce/7_2_5JM/.p/5_2_4TQ/.d/1/_th/J_2_9D/_s.7_0_A/7_0_1OB?PC_7_2_5JM_contentid=2005/08/0336.xml&PC_7_2_5JM_navtype=RT&PC_7_2_5JM_parentnav=LATEST_RELEASES&PC_7_2_5JM_navid=NEWS_RELEASE#7_2_5JM. Accessed 21 Sept 2005.

USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). Statistics from the nationwide BSE surveillance program. Available at: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/oa/bse/bsesurvey.html#charts. * Accessed 2003.

Wyatt JM, Pearson GR, Gruffydd-Jones TJ. Feline spongiform encephalopathy. Feline Pract. 1993;21:7-9.

*defunct link as of 2004, 2005 

Monkeypox in the United States

Bernard SM, Anderson SA. Qualitative assessment of risk for monkeypox associated with domestic trade in certain animal species, United States.Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12(12):1827-33.

Chen N, Li G, Liszewski MK, Atkinson JP, Jahrling PB, Feng Z, Schriewer J, Buck C, Wang C, Lefkowitz EJ, Esposito JJ, Harms T, Damon IK, Roper RL, Upton C, Buller RM. Virulence differences between monkeypox virus isolates from West Africa and the Congo basin. Virology. 2005;340(1):46-63.

Di Giulio DB, Eckburg PB. Human monkeypox: an emerging zoonosis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2004;4(1):15-25.

Dubois ME, Slifka MK. Retrospective analysis of monkeypox infection. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(4):592-9.

Guarner J, Johnson BJ, Paddock CD, Shieh W-J, Goldsmith CS, Reynolds MG, et al. Monkeypox transmission and pathogenesis in prairie dogs. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004 Mar;10(3):426-31.

Hutson CL, Lee KN, Abel J, Carroll DS, Montgomery JM, Olson VA, Li Y, Davidson W, Hughes C, Dillon M, Spurlock P, Kazmierczak JJ, Austin C, Miser L, Sorhage FE, Howell J, Davis JP, Reynolds MG, Braden Z, Karem KL, Damon IK, Regnery RL. Monkeypox zoonotic associations: insights from laboratory evaluation of animals associated with the multi-state US outbreak.Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007;76(4):757-68.

Hutson CL, Olson VA, Carroll DS, Abel JA, Hughes CM, Braden ZH, Weiss S, Self J, Osorio JE, Hudson PN, Dillon M, Karem KL, Damon IK, Regnery RL. A prairie dog animal model of systemic orthopoxvirus disease using West African and Congo Basin strains of monkeypox virus.J Gen Virol. 2009;90(Pt 2):323-33.

Kile JC, Fleischauer AT, Beard B, Kuehnert MJ, Kanwal RS, Pontones P, Messersmith HJ, Teclaw R, Karem KL, Braden ZH, Damon I, Khan AS, Fischer M. Transmission of monkeypox among persons exposed to infected prairie dogs in Indiana in 2003. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005;159(11):1022-5.

Langohr IM, Stevenson GW, Thacker HL, Regnery RL. Extensive lesions of monkeypox in a prairie dog (Cynomys sp).Vet Pathol. 2004;41(6):702-7.

Ligon BL. Monkeypox: a review of the history and emergence in the Western hemisphere. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis. 2004;15(4):280-7.

Likos AM, Sammons SA, Olson VA, Frace AM, Li Y, Olsen-Rasmussen M, Davidson W, Galloway R, Khristova ML, Reynolds MG, Zhao H, Carroll DS, Curns A, Formenty P, Esposito JJ, Regnery RL, Damon IK. A tale of two clades: monkeypox viruses.J Gen Virol. 2005;86(Pt 10):2661-72.

Nalca A, Rimoin AW, Bavari S, Whitehouse CA. Reemergence of monkeypox: prevalence, diagnostics, and countermeasures. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41(12):1765-71.

Reed KD  Monkeypox, Marshfield Clinic and the Internet: leveraging information technology for public health.Clin Med Res. 2004;2(1):1-3.

Reed K, Melski J, Stratman E. Index case and family infection of monkeypox from prairie dogs diagnosed in Marshfield, WI (Clinical photos ). Available at: http://www.marshfieldclinic.org/ldf/MonkeyPox_MarshfieldWI_ClinicalPhotos_v3.ppt.. Accessed 17 Sept 2009. 

Reed K, Melski J, Stratman E. Monkeypox brings international attention. Available at: http://www.marshfieldclinic.org/proxy/MC-systemReview_03_monkeypoxAttention.1.pdf. Accessed 17 Sept 2009.

Reynolds MG, Cono J, Curns A, Holman RC, Likos A, Regnery R, Treadwell T, Damon I. Human monkeypox. Lancet Infect Dis. 2004;4(10):604-5

Reynolds MG, Davidson WB, Curns AT, Conover CS, Huhn G, Davis JP, Wegner M, Croft DR, Newman A, Obiesie NN, Hansen GR, Hays PL, Pontones P, Beard B, Teclaw R, Howell JF, Braden Z, Holman RC, Karem KL, Damon IK. Spectrum of infection and risk factors for human monkeypox, United States, 2003. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(9):1332-9.

Sale TA, Melski JW, Stratman EJ. Monkeypox: an epidemiologic and clinical comparison of African and US disease. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006 55(3):478-81.

Sbrana E, Xiao SY, Newman PC, Tesh RB. Comparative pathology of North American and central African strains of monkeypox virus in a ground squirrel model of the disease.Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007;76(1):155-64.

Schultz DA, Sagartz JE, Huso DL, Buller RM. Experimental infection of an African dormouse (Graphiurus kelleni) with monkeypox virus.Virology. 2009;383(1):86-92. 

Tesh RB, Watts DM, Sbrana E, Siirin M, Popov VL, Xiao SY. Experimental infection of ground squirrels (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus) with monkeypox virus. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(9):1563-7.

Xiao SY, Sbrana E, Watts DM, Siirin M, da Rosa AP, Tesh RB.  Experimental infection of prairie dogs with monkeypox virus. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11(4):539-45.

Update: Multistate outbreak of monkeypox —Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Missouri, Ohio, and Wisconsin, 2003. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2003 June 13; 52(23):537-40.

Update: Multistate outbreak of monkeypox—Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Missouri, Ohio, and Wisconsin, 2003. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2003 June 20;52(24):561-4.Update: Multistate outbreak of monkeypox—Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Missouri, Ohio, and Wisconsin, 2003. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2003 July 11;52(27):642-646.

U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Monkeypox infections in animals: Updated interim guidance for veterinarians. July 31, 2003. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/monkeypox/animalguidance.htm. Accessed 2003.

U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Monkeypox report of cases in the United States. July 30, 2003. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/od/oc/media/mpv/cases.htm. Accessed 2003.

U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Monkeypox report of cases in the United States Final count, as of July 30, 2003. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/od/oc/media/mpv/cases.htm. Accessed 2 Oct 2005.

U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Public health investigation uncovers first outbreak of human monkeypox infection in Western Hemisphere. CDC Press Release. June 7, 2003. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/od/oc/media/pressrel/r030607.htm. Accessed 2003. 

U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Questions and answers about monkeypox. November 4, 2003. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/monkeypox/qa.htm. Accessed 2003.

Influenza Viruses and Their Changing Host Relationships

Acha PN, Szyfres B (Pan American Health Organization [PAHO]). Influenza. In: Zoonoses and Communicable Diseases Common to Man and Animals. Volume 2. Chlamydioses, rickettsioses and viroses. 3rd ed. Washington DC: PAHO; 2003. Scientific and Technical Publication No. 580. p. 155-172.

Aiello SE, Mays A, editors. Influenza (Fowl plague). In: The Merck Veterinary Manual. 8th ed. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co; 1998. p. 1983.

Alexander DY. A review of avian influenza [monograph online]. Available at: http://www.esvv.unizh.ch/gent_abstracts/Alexander.html. Accessed 30 Aug 2004. 

Amonsin A, Songserm T, Chutinimitkul S, Jam-On R, Sae-Heng N, Pariyothorn N, Payungporn S, Theamboonlers A, Poovorawan Y. Genetic analysis of influenza A virus (H5N1) derived from domestic cat and dog in Thailand. Arch Virol. 2007;152:1925-1933.

BBC News. At-a-glance: Europe on bird flu alert. October 25, 2005. Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4338490.stm. Accessed 2 Nov 2005.

BBC News. EU bans imports of exotic birds. October 25, 2005. Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4373584.stm. Accessed 2 Nov 2005. 

Beard CW. Avian influenza. In: Buisch W, Hyde J, Mebus C, editors. Foreign Animal Diseases.7th ed. U.S. Richmond, Virginia: U.S. Animal Health Association; 1998. p. 71-80. Available at: http://www.vet.uga.edu/vpp/gray_book/FAD/index.htm. Accessed 15 Oct 2005.

Boon AC, Sandbulte MR, Seiler P, Webby RJ, Songserm T, Guan Y, Webster RG. Role of terrestrial wild birds in ecology of influenza A virus (H5N1). Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13:1720-1724.

Brown JD, Stallknecht DE, Beck JR, Suarez DL, Swayne DE. Susceptibility of North American ducks and gulls to H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12:1663-1670.

Butler D. Thai dogs carry bird-flu virus, but will they spread it? Nature. 2006;439:773.

Butt KM, Smith GJ, Chen H, Zhang LJ, Leung YH, Xu KM, Lim W, Webster RG, Yuen KY, Peiris JS, Guan Y. Human infection with an avian H9N2 influenza A virus in Hong Kong in 2003. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43:5760-5767.

Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Comprehensive Report on the 2004 Outbreak of High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza (H7N3) in the Fraser Valley of British Columbia, Canada.
http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/heasan/disemala/avflu/2004rep/introe.shtml. Accessed in 2008

Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Final Report.  Response to Findings of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H7N3) in Saskatchewan, September 2007
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Canadian Food Inspection Agency.  Highly pathogenic avian influenza in British Columbia – outbreak overview. Available at: 
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Guan Y, Peiris JS, Lipatov AS, Ellis TM, Dyrting KC, Krauss S, Zhang LJ, Webster RG, Shortridge KF.Emergence of multiple genotypes of H5N1 avian influenza viruses in Hong Kong SAR. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Jun 25;99(13):8950-5.

Harper SA, Fukuda K, Uyeki TM, Cox NJ, Bridges CB. Prevention and control of influenza. Recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (ACIP) Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2004;53(RR-6):1-40.

Hinshaw VS, Bean WJ, Webster RG, Rehg JE, Fiorelli P, Early G, Geraci JR, St Aubin DJ. Are seals frequently infected with avian influenza viruses? J Virol. 1984;51(3):863-5. 
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Isoda N, Sakoda Y, Kishida N, Bai GR, Matsuda K, Umemura T, Kida H. Pathogenicity of a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, A/chicken/Yamaguchi/7/04 (H5N1) in different species of birds and mammals. Arch Virol. 2006;151:1267-279.

Kaleta EF, Honicke A. A retrospective description of a highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus (H7N1/Carduelis/Germany/72) in a free-living siskin (Carduelis spinus Linnaeus, 1758) and its accidental transmission to yellow canaries (Serinus canaria Linnaeus, 1758).Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 2005 Jan;112(1):17-9.

Kalthoff D, Breithaupt A, Teifke JP, Globig A, Harder T, Mettenleiter TC, Beer M. Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1) in experimentally infected adult mute swans. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14:1267-1270.

Kuiken T, Rimmelzwaan G, van Riel D, van Amerongen G, Baars M, Fouchier R, Osterhaus A. Avian H5N1 influenza in cats. Science [serial online]. 2004; 10.1126/science.1102287. Available at: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/rapidpdf/1102287v1.pdf. Accessed 3 Sept 2004.

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Lee CW, Suarez DL, Tumpey TM, Sung HW, Kwon YK, Lee YJ, Choi JG, Joh SJ, Kim MC, Lee EK, Park JM, Lu X, Katz JM, Spackman E, Swayne DE, Kim JH. Characterization of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza A viruses isolated from South Korea. J Virol. 2005 Mar;79(6):3692-702.

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Nagy A, Machova J, Hornickova J, Tomci M, Nagl I, Horyna B, Holko I. Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 in Mute swans in the Czech Republic. Vet Microbiol. 2007;120:9-16.

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Reperant LA, van-Amerongen G, van-de-Bildt MW, Rimmelzwaan GF, Dobson AP, Osterhaus AD, Kuiken T. Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1) infection in red foxes fed infected bird carcasses. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14:1835-1841.

Songsermn T, Amonsin A, Jam-on R, Sae-Heng N, Meemak N, Pariyothorn N, Payungporn S, Theamboonlers A, Poovorawan Y. Avian influenza H5N1 in naturally infected domestic cat. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12:681-683.

Songserm T, Amonsin A, Jam-on R, Sae-Heng N, Pariyothorn N, Payungporn S, Theamboonlers A, Chutinimitkul S, Thanawongnuwech R, Poovorawan Y. Fatal avian influenza A H5N1 in a dog. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12:1744-1747.

Sturm-Ramirez KM, Ellis T, Bousfield B, Bissett L, Dyrting K, Rehg JE, Poon L, Guan Y, Peiris M, Webster RG.Reemerging H5N1 influenza viruses in Hong Kong in 2002 are highly pathogenic to ducks. J Virol. 2004 May;78(9):4892-901.

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H3N8 and the Canine Influenza Virus

Acha PN, Szyfres B (Pan American Health Organization [PAHO]). Zoonoses and Communicable Diseases Common to Man and Animals. Volume 2. Chlamydiosis, rickettsioses and viroses. 3rd ed. Washington DC: PAHO; 2003. Scientific and Technical Publication No. 580. Influenza; p. 155-172.

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Buonavoglia C, Martella V. Canine respiratory viruses. Vet Res. 2007;38:355-373.

Carey, S. UF researchers: equine influenza virus likely cause of Jacksonville greyhound deaths [online]. News Releases, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine. Available at: http://www.vetmed.ufl.edu/pr/nw_story/greyhds.htm.* Accessed 27 Sept 2005.

Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine. Canine influenza virus detected [online]. Animal Health Diagnostic Center Announcements. Sept 21, 2005. Available at: http://www.diaglab.vet.cornell.edu/news.asp.* Accessed 27 Sept 2005.

Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine. Samples for detecting the presence of canine influenza virus [online]. Animal Health Diagnostic Center Announcements. Sept 21, 2005. Available at: http://www.diaglab.vet.cornell.edu/news.asp. Accessed 27 Sept 2005.

Crawford PC, Dubovi EJ, Castleman WL, Stephenson I, Gibbs EPJ, Chen L, Smith C, Hill RC, Ferro P, Pompey J, Bright RA, Medina M-J, Johnson CM, Olsen CW, Cox NJ, Klimov AI, Katz JM, Donis RO. Transmission of equine influenza virus to dogs. Science. 2005;310:482-485.

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Lamb S., McElroy T. Bronson alerts public to newly emerging canine flu. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Department Press Release. Sept. 20, 2005. Available at: http://doacs.state.fl.us/press/2005/09202005.html. Accessed 27 Sept 2005.

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Payungporn S, Crawford PC, Kouo TS, Chen LM, Pompey J, Castleman WL, Dubovi EJ, Katz JM, Donis RO. Influenza A virus (H3N8) in dogs with respiratory disease, Florida. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14:902-8.

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H1N1 and the Swine Origin Influenza Virus 

Adiego Sancho B, Omeñaca Terés M, Martínez Cuenca S, Rodrigo Val P, Sánchez Villanueva P, Casas I, Pozo F, Pérez Breña P. Human case of swine influenza A (H1N1), Aragon, Spain, November 2008. Euro Surveill. 2009;14(7). Available at: http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=19120. Accessed 1 May 2009.

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Garten RJ, Davis CT, Russell CA, et al. Antigenic and genetic characteristics of swine-origin 2009 A(H1N1) influenza viruses circulating in humans. Science. 2009;325(5937):197-201. 

Gatherer D.The 2009 H1N1 influenza outbreak in its historical context. J Clin Virol. 2009;45(3):174-8. 

Heinen P. Swine influenza: a zoonosis. Vet Sci Tomorrow [serial online]. 2003 Sept 15. Available at: http://www.vetscite.org/publish/articles/000041/print.html. Accessed 26 Aug 2004.

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Michaelis M, Doerr HW, Cinatl J Jr. Novel swine-origin influenza A virus in humans: another pandemic knocking at the door.Med Microbiol Immunol. 2009;198(3):175-83. 

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Myers KP, Olsen CW, Setterquist SF, Capuano AW, Donham KJ, Thacker EL, Merchant JA, Gray GC. Are swine workers in the United States at increased risk of infection with zoonotic influenza virus? Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42:14-20.

Patriarca PA, Kendal AP, Zakowski PC, Cox NJ, Trautman MS, Cherry JD, Auerbach DM, McCusker J, Belliveau RR, Kappus KD. Lack of significant person-to-person spread of swine influenza-like virus following fatal infection in an immunocompromised child. Am J Epidemiol. 1984;119:152-8.

Peiris JS, Poon LL, Guan Y. Emergence of a novel swine-origin influenza A virus (S-OIV) H1N1 virus in humans. J Clin Virol. 2009;45(3):169-73.

Promedmail. Influenza A (H1N1) – worldwide (80): Argentina, human to pig. 01-JUL-2009. Archive Number 20090701.2376. Available at http://www.promedmail.org. Accessed 18 Sept 2009.

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Promedmail. PPRO/AH/EDR> Influenza pandemic (H1N1) 2009 (22): Australia (NSW), swine. 01-AUG-2009. Archive Number 20090801.2698. Available at http://www.promedmail.org. Accessed 18 Sept 2009.

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Promedmail. PRO/AH/EDR> Influenza pandemic (H1N1) 2009, animal health (04): Chile, avian, OIE. 23-AUG-2009. Archive Number 20090823.2978. Available at http://www.promedmail.org. Accessed 18 Sept 2009.

Promedmail. PRO/AH/EDR> Influenza pandemic (H1N1) 2009, animal health (05): Austr., swine. 26-AUG-2009. Archive Number 20090826.2999. Available at http://www.promedmail.org. Accessed 18 Sept 2009.

Promedmail. PRO/AH> Influenza pandemic (H1N1) 2009, animal health (06): Canada, swine.-28-AUG-2009. Archive Number 20090828.3027. Available at http://www.promedmail.org. Accessed 18 Sept 2009.

Promedmail. PRO/AH/EDR> Influenza pandemic (H1N1) 2009, animal health (07): Chile, avian. 29-AUG-2009. Archive Number 20090829.3036. Available at http://www.promedmail.org. Accessed 18 Sept 2009.

Promedmail. PRO/AH/EDR> Influenza pandemic (H1N1) 2009, animal health (08): Singapore, swine. 04-SEP-2009. Archive Number 20090904.3114. Available at http://www.promedmail.org. Accessed 18 Sept 2009.

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Robinson JL, Lee BE, Patel J, Bastien N, Grimsrud K, Seal RF, King R, Marshall F, Li Y. Swine influenza (H3N2) infection in a child and possible community transmission, Canada. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(12):1865-70.

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Sreta D, Kedkovid R, Tuamsang S, Kitikoon P, Thanawongnuwech R.Pathogenesis of swine influenza virus (Thai isolates) in weanling pigs: an experimental trial. Virol J. 2009 Mar 25;6(1):34. 

Swine Influenza A (H1N1) infection in two children-Southern California, March-April 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009;58(15):400-2.

Outbreak of Swine-Origin Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Infection — Mexico, March–April 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009;58(17):467-70.

Update: Swine Influenza A (H1N1) Infections — California and Texas, April 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009;58(16);435-7

Wentworth DE, Thompson BL, Xu X, Regnery HL, Cooley AJ, McGregor MW, Cox NJ, Hinshaw VS. An influenza A (H1N1) virus, closely related to swine influenza virus, responsible for a fatal case of human influenza. J Virol. 1994;68(4):2051-8.

World Health Organization (WHO). Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 – update 66. WHO; 18 Sept 2009. Available at: http://www.promedmail.org. Accessed 18 Sept 2009.

World Health Organization (WHO). What is phase 6? WHO; 11 June 2009. Available at: http://www.who.int/csr/disease/swineflu/frequently_asked_questions/levels_pandemic_alert/en/index.html. Accessed 18 Sept 2009.